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In the post independence period, various committees, commissions and Five Years Plans are linked and interdependent with the PRIs and rural development work. The last part of the chapter provides a fascinating example of the structure and functioning of the PRIs and decentralization process in West Bengal.
The author concludes that rural development plans are good on paper but rarely well implemented p. However, it is a matter of great concern that the social character of SHGs have been taken over in a rush to consider them more as vehicles for microfinance.
A detailed account is provided of the structure and function of self help groups in terms of need, emergence, membership criteria, goals and objectives, rules of formation, selection of leader and other post bearers, rules and regulations; and group management and their common problems, causes for dissolution, formation of emergency fund and its uses, capacity building process; and how they contribute in bringing a significant change in the living standards of SHG members in terms of increase in income levels, assets, savings, borrowing capacity, and income generating activities.
Some emerging issues are also discussed. The author concludes that the group approach helps to remove the social limitations faced by women, such as superstition and subordinate role in decision-making, and inculcates a great confidence in the minds of rural women to succeed in their day-to-day life.
Chapter five pp. The progress and impacts of MGNREGA in terms of employment, income and livelihood security; high involvement of marginalized communities; impact on gender and social empowerment; creation of durable assets; reduction in migration are also delineated. Thereafter, it deals with some of the emerging challenges in the implementation of MGNREGA in terms of lack of awareness about the Act, poor capturing of demand, unemployment allowance, timely and full payment of wages, leakages and misappropriations, lack of public transparency, accountability and participation, corruption, muster roll, sale of job cards, work culture, and political interference.
The author concludes that proper utilization of available natural resources through MGNREGA in an integrated and holistic way can surely change the landscape of poverty in specified areas and ensure overall development and peace. Tribals are an integral part of Indian civilization. Since independence, and considering the general economic conditions of most tribal communities, the Government of India has planned and launched programmes to develop and integrate tribals with mainstream society.
Beginning with a brief introduction, it deals with the concept and definition of tribe; region, language and ethnicity wise classification of tribal population in India; historical background of tribes; and features and economic situation of Scheduled Tribes. Some fundamental characteristics of tribal economy like forest based economy, simple technology, absence of profit making in economic dealing, community as cooperative unit, unit of production, consumption and pattern of labour, gift and ceremonial exchange, periodical market, interdependency are outlined.
Various tribal development approaches in India in terms of administrative reforms and committees, such as the Elwin Committee , Dhebar Commission , Shilu Ao Committee are highlighted. Using ethnographic method, the author provides a detailed account of educational development; transition of livelihood pattern; government efforts for tribal development; and specific changes in sources of credit needs; changes in agriculture trends, income and employment generation, expenditure pattern, house types, family structure, health and hygiene, cosmopolitan aspects, indigenous rituals and agro-ecosystem among the Santhals.
The author concludes that despite their integration with the larger society, the Santhals are found to live in a world of considerable isolation and perpetuate a distinct socio-cultural identity of their own p.
The author concludes that despite the launching and implementation of various programmes, policies, and laws to address the targets for achieving the MDGs, progress was slow in most of the areas and required more intensive effort p. Part of the problem has been government resource constraints, especially lack of committed, honest, visionary and educated people with an attitude of social service. NGOs, civil society and branded corporate houses have also been actively involved in the struggle to achieve economic growth and meaningful social and human development.
The author has attempted to compile in one book, for the basic understanding of readers, the various dimensions of rural development in India. With considerable effort and based on his extensive practical experiences in the field, the author presents a coherent set of arguments dealing with both theoretical and empirical aspects of Indian rural development.
However, the book has certain shortcomings. Moreover, the different sub-themes covered under each chapter could have been presented in a more sequential and logical manner keeping in mind the main theme. The in-text citation style has not been followed uniformly in the entire text of the book. Nevertheless, the book provides a comprehensive bibliography on the subject matter.
One may find a number of scholarly books and government reference materials on rural development, such as Communal Unity by M. Gandhi ; M. Dreze Despite this, the author has collected and arranged some of the components of rural development along with some of his empirical experiences in this book.
However, and in spite of these criticisms, this book will be useful to students, researchers, teachers, academicians, development workers, planners, policy makers and various development organizations for gaining a basic understanding of and exposure to rural development in India.
By Sudeep Kumar, Ph. D Delhi University. Download PDF.
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